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観光と貧困削減 Scheyvens, R (2011) Tourism and Poverty. ブックレビュー ~最新の議論~

これを読むと、現在のPro-poor tourism (プロ・プアー・ツーリズム、以下PPT)の考え方に何が足りないのか、その背景や批判はどういうものか、どこからきたのかがよくわかります。 PPT創始者のひとりGoodwin(2011)すら自嘲ををこめてPPTに足りないものを書いていますが、そんなもんじゃないのでは?というのが、この本を読んだ率直な感想。

まず、PPTはPOVERTYについての議論が足りない。Sustaibable Livelihood Approachだけじゃ不十分ですよ、ということ。PPTはもともとDFIDの援助スキームから出てきたものだから仕方ないのかもしれないが。
つまり、何をもってPOVERTYとするか議論についてはFriedmann(1992)やSen(1992, 1999)の意見も取り入れなくちゃいけない。日本人的には人間の安全保障(緒方さんとSen)の考え方もこの本に入れてほしかったが、それはなし、英国では知名度が低いのかもしれません。

もともとtoiurism and poverty reduction という考え方はdevelopment studyの分野になるけど1970年代IMFの構造調整の失敗からきてるという。それで援助業界が貧困削減にフォーカスしなければならないとなり、世銀やIMF、ILO、UNDP、UNEP、などが言い出し、それに各国の援助機関、DFID、SIDA、DANIDA、SNV、USAIDなどがその流れに続いた。だからもともと、民間から出てきたアイデアではないということですね。すなわちネオリベラリズムの世界からきてるものです。

そのため、Scheyvensの主張は、PPTはネオリベラリズムの考え方を受け入れていて(グローバリゼーションとかフリートレードがいいとか。)それ自体が不平等や格差を助長してるというもの。それを事実に切り込むことなしに観光によって貧困削減を推進することはおかしいと言っている。

現状の世界のエリートの考え方やシステムにチャレンジし、影響を及ぼしてこそ、大きな成果が得られるという主張。

Goodwin (2011)はPPTの問題はちゃんと成果評価がされてない又は公表されてない点、検証されていない点にあるというが、私としてはそれよりも根は深いなという印象です。

恐らく、日本でPPTのことを学ぶ方々は、ひたすらにPPTのアイデアを称賛するような論文や考え方にしか出会わないかもしれないけど、イギリスではPPTのアイデアは援助機関などにまだ受け入れられてはいるものの、学術的には批判の対象です。がんばってほしいですね、PPT!

でも、SNVもtourismから撤退する予定とのこですし、アメリカはUNESCOへの負担金とめる様子ですし、Scheyvens (2011)の議論を支持するなら、大国の理論に打ち勝たない限り、PPTというかtourism and poverty reduction、観光による貧困削減 が世界的に大きな効果をもたらすのはとても難しそうです。

とはいえ、英国やヨーロッパの旅行業界ではCSRはかなり発展してて、大きな旅行会社、例えば世界一のTUI(航空機300機に3000社くらいの旅行代理店もっていて、毎年1億人くらいの客がいる会社)も単に環境への配慮から、観光の社会的・経済的、影響を軽減するための施策を打ち出して、3年くらい前から実践しています。そういう流れを今後広められるかどうかがカギとなるのでしょう。きっと。実はそのTUIのCSR部マネージャーは僕の言ってる学部の卒業生らしいのですが。。。

Goodwinが毎年11月にロンドンのWorld Travel MarketでやってるResponsible Toiurism デーのような大規模イベントが今後広がりをみせれば、可能性は高くなりますね。

願わくば私も日本でその潮流を作りだす一部となりたいものです。

hirokudo

 

参考文献

 

Friedmann, J. (1992) Empowerment: the politics of alternative development: Blackwell, Cambridge.

Goodwin, H. (2011) Taking Responsibility for Tourism, Goodfellow.

Sen, A. (1992) Inequality Reexamined, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 

Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Scheyvens, R. (2011) Tourism and Poverty. Routledge.

 
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投稿者: : 11月 16, 2011 投稿先 Uncategorized

 

Tourism and Poverty. Scheyvens, R (2011)

The books contribute to orgarnise the idea around tourism development, poverty, and poverty reduction through tourism. Its outstanding point is that the author beyond the focus of recent Pro-poor tourism approach and develop the idea by clarifying a number of challenges of PPT and its criticisms. (Actually the author was one of the famous critics of PPT. see Sheyvens, 2007 arguing PPT enhancing inequality/)

Firstly author has identified poverty is multidimensional idea rather than simple basic needs by mainly referring Friedmann (1999), Sen (1997), Sustainable Livelihood Approach and UNDP’s-rights based approach (Human Development Report). poverty needs to refer empowerment, capabilities, sustainable livelihood and rights. Considering this epistemology, author argues that whenever talk about tourism and poverty reduction, wheter tourism provids;

1. altnertive livelihoods strategies which help to reduce the vulnerability of poor communities, enhance their well being and increase their self reliance.
2. helps poor people to build up their capabilities and assets,
3. facilitates the empowerment of poor peoples and helps them to lead dignified lives in which they have greater control over their own well-being.
4. leads to poor people securing their rights. (2011, p25)

then by discussing where PPT idea comes from (some reason lies in IMF’s fali in Structural Adjustment Programme in late1970s e.g. Nigeria), she identifies PPT motivation is mainly from neo-liberal status quo who wants to avoid criticisms of tourism enhancing poverty and inequality.

Thus now she criticise PPT (and MDGs as well) ignoring the fact that neo-liberal status quo actually excerbates, and entrenches poverty.

PPT should therfore shed light on how governmental elites and neo-liberal statsu quo can change the epistemology. Then, PPT will be able to harness mainstream tourism industry who dominate almost 90% of European travel market.

Although proponents of PPT, Goodwin (2011) admits its weakness in evidence in outcome except for few cases such as Tanzania, The Gumbia, PPT still many challanges more than he acknowledged.

Goodwin (2011) said PPT idea is good. However also the idea itself still need to be improved and case are more.

 
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投稿者: : 11月 16, 2011 投稿先 Uncategorized

 

Wooden Statues!

 

Find another interesting Arts in Rwanda!

 

I love sense of Rwandans!

 

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Thanks

Hiro

 
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投稿者: : 7月 13, 2011 投稿先 Uncategorized

 

Paintings Paintings!

Saw beautiful paintings by local artists!

 

If you are interested in these, please contact me as it also contribute to local orphanage and women’s cooperative!!

 

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Thanks,

Hiro

 
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投稿者: : 7月 10, 2011 投稿先 Uncategorized

 

Now, good time to remind my ex-study for Rwandan tour operators initiatives toward poverty reduction.

Nhnnnn, actually it has many mistakes but might have some implications especially for their detailed future plan,

enthusiasm, their understandings for the Pro-poor tourism and its directions for addressing the issues for PPT.

Definitely need more improvement!

Hiro

 
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投稿者: : 7月 3, 2011 投稿先 Uncategorized

 

Anything I can bring by Bikes and Motos!

 

I like Rwandans !

Although Rwanda is such a hillycountry and full of up and down, people use bike and motos, for their carriage. On a uphill road  they walk. On the downhill road, they also walk. They cannot control their bikes, simply because of their heavy luggage. Even those kind of iron long pole, they can bring it!

 
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投稿者: : 7月 1, 2011 投稿先 Uncategorized

 

Just come back to Rwanda and start my future dream!

Just before the landing. 16, Jun, 2011Before the landing 2

Since December of 2009, it is actually my 3rd visit to Rwanda. As I told many people, I love Rwanda because of many difference from other African countries which I experienced in last tour guiding job. The difference are not only the beauty of the nature, endless scenery of thousand hills, deep green forests, lakes but also the proactive, discipline, independent people. Remarkably, many Rwandan people I saw in last visit had the mind of altruism even they are not very rich. What I am learnt from them is the importance of willingness to share within the people, is actually their culture.

So, basically I really respect the Rwandans. People may only know the sad side of Rwandan history. However, I strongly can argue that they are really beautiful people proceeding for the future and keep trying to overcome the past. They are brilliant.

In this blog. although it is my first blog ever in my life, I would like to try to show you the beauty and interesting and funny things of Rwanda so that you can probably understand current livery Rwanda and change the past image.

Before the landing 2

But I should not forget my primary two objectives of this visit.

1. Develop good relationship with good CBT (Community based tourism) or PPT (pro-poor tourism) initiative so that I can develop similar project or support those kind of projects in next 10 or 20 years.

2. Complete the data collection and analysis of my professional report for my master’s degree.

Then, I am on board!

Hiro

 
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投稿者: : 6月 16, 2011 投稿先 Uncategorized

 
 
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